Iibhungane ezintywilayo, amalungu osapho lweDytiscidae, zizinambuzane zasemanzini ezinomdla ezaziwa ngokutya kunye nendalo yazo edla inyama.Aba bazingeli bazalwe ngokwendalo banolungelelwaniso olulodwa olubenza basebenze kakhulu ekubambeni nasekutyiseni amaxhoba abo nokuba makhulu kunabo.
Yiyo loo nto ubukho babo kwi-aquarium, ngakumbi ezo zindlu zineentlanzi ezincinci kunye ne-shrimp, zinokukhokelela kwiingxaki ezinkulu.
Kweli nqaku, ndiza kuphonononga kwiimpawu zomzimba, ukhetho lokutya, umjikelo wobomi, kunye neemfuno zendawo yokuhlala yeDiving beetles kunye nemibungu yazo.Ndiza kuphinda ndiqaqambise imingcipheko enokubakho kunye neengqwalaselo ezinxulumene nokugcina ooqongqothwane bantywila kwiindawo ezihlala emanzini, ngakumbi kwiimeko apho banokubeka emngciphekweni intlalo-ntle yeentlanzi ezincinci kunye ne-shrimp.
I-Etymology yeDytiscidae
Igama lentsapho elithi “Dytiscidae” lithatyathwe kwigama lesiGrike elithi “dytikos,” elithetha “ukwazi ukuqubha” okanye “ngokuphathelele ukuntywila emanzini.”Eli gama libonisa ngokufanelekileyo indalo yasemanzini kunye nobuchule bokudada booqongqothwane bolu sapho.
Igama elithi "Dytiscidae" laqulunqwa yingcali yezinambuzane zaseFransi uPierre André Latreille ngo-1802 xa wayeseka ukuhlelwa kosapho.I-Latreille idume ngegalelo lakhe elibalulekileyo kwi-entomology kunye nokusekwa kwe-taxonomy yezinambuzane zanamhlanje.
Ngokubhekiselele kwigama labo eliqhelekileyo elithi "Diving beetles", eli gama balifumene ngenxa yobuchule babo obukhethekileyo bokuntywila nokuqubha emanzini.
Imbali yeEvolutionary of Diving Beetles
Iibhungane zokuntywila zavela ngexesha leMesozoic (malunga ne-252.2 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo).
Ngokuhamba kwexesha, baye bahlukana, okukhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kweentlobo ezininzi zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba, ubukhulu, kunye nokukhethwa kwendalo.
Le nkqubo yendaleko ivumele ooqongqothwane beDiving ukuba bahlale kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zamanzi acocekileyo kwihlabathi jikelele kwaye babe zizisulu eziphumelelayo zasemanzini.
I-Taxonomy ye-Diving Beetles
Elona nani lichanekileyo leentlobo zezilwanyana lixhomekeke kuphando oluqhubekayo ngenxa yokuba iintlobo ezintsha zihlala zifunyanwa kwaye zixelwa.
Okwangoku, bekukho malunga ne-4,200 yeentlobo ze-Diving beetle kwihlabathi jikelele.
Ukusasazwa kunye neNdawo yokuHlala yeeNqongqothwane
Ooqongqothwane basasazwa ngokubanzi.Ngokusisiseko, aba qongqothwane banokufumaneka kuwo onke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica.
Ooqongqothwane badla ngokuhlala kumanzi amileyo (anjengamachibi, imigxobhozo, amachibi, okanye imilambo ehamba kancinane), bekhetha enzulu enohlaza oluninzi kunye nezilwanyana ezityebileyo ezinokubanika ukutya okwaneleyo.
Inkcazelo yeDiving Beetles
Ubume bomzimba webhungane leDiving lilungelelaniswe kakuhle nendlela yabo yokuphila yasemanzini kunye nokuziphatha kwabo.
Ubume bomzimba: Iibhungane zokuntywila zinemilo emide, ithe tyaba, kunye ne-hydrodynamic, ezivumela ukuba zihambe kakuhle emanzini.
Ubukhulu: Ubungakanani beebhungane zokuntywila bungahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwiintlobo.Ezinye iintlobo ezinkulu zinokufikelela kwi-1.5 intshi (4 cm) ubude.
Umbala: Iibhungane zokuntywila zihlala zimnyama okanye zimdaka ngebala ukuya kwimizimba emnyama eluhlaza okanye yobhedu.Umbala ubanceda badibanise kwindawo yabo yasemanzini.
Intloko: Intloko yebhungane lokuntywila inkulu kwaye ikhule kakuhle.Amehlo ahlala evelele kwaye abonelele ngokugqwesileyo kokubini ngaphezulu nangaphantsi komphezulu wamanzi.Kananjalo zineempondo ezinde, ezibhityileyo, ezidla ngokucandwa, ezizisebenzisela iinjongo zokuziva (ukubona ukungcangcazela emanzini).
Amaphiko: Ooqongqothwane banezibini ezimbini zamaphiko.Xa oqongqothwane bedada, amaphiko abo ahlala esongelwe emizimbeni yabo.Ziyakwazi ukubhabha kwaye zisebenzise amaphiko azo ukuze zisasazeke kwaye zifumane iindawo zokuhlala ezintsha.
Amaphiko angaphambili atshintsha abe ngamaqweqwe aqinileyo, akhuselayo abizwa ngokuba yi-elytra, akhusela amaphiko angemva kunye nomzimba xa uqongqothwane engabhabha.Iielytra zidla ngokuba nemiqolo okanye imiqolo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba lo qongqothwane abe nenkangeleko entle.
Imilenze: Ooqongqothwane bantywila banemilenze emi-6.Imilenze yangaphambili kunye nephakathi isetyenziselwa ukubamba amaxhoba kunye nokuhamba kwindawo yawo.Imilenze yangasemva iguqulwe ibe sicaba, ifana nokubheqa eyaziwa ngokuba yimilenze ebheqayo okanye imilenze yokuqubha.Le milenze ineenwele okanye amagwebu anceda uqongqothwane ukuba ahambe emanzini ngokulula.
Ngemilenze egqibeleleyo efana nokubheqa, uqongqothwane udada ngesantya esiphezulu kangangokuba unokukhuphisana neentlanzi.
Isisu: Isisu sebhungane lokuntywila solukile kwaye sihlala sijonge ngasemva.Iqukethe amacandelo amaninzi kunye nezindlu zamalungu abalulekileyo afana nokugaya, ukuzala, kunye neenkqubo zokuphefumla.
Izakhiwo zokuphefumla.Iibhungane zokuntywila zineentsimbi eziziintsinjana, eziziingceba ezincinci ezibekwe ngaphantsi kwesisu.I-spiracles ibavumela ukuba bakhuphe ioksijini emoyeni, abayigcina ngaphantsi kwe-elytra yabo kwaye bayisebenzisele ukuphefumla xa bentywiliselwe emanzini.
Iprofayili ye-Diving Beetles- Izilo kwii-Shrimp kunye neeTanki zeentlanzi-Izakhiwo zokuphefumlaPhambi kokuntywila ngaphantsi kwamanzi, ooqongqothwane bantywila babamba iqamza lomoya phantsi kwe-elytra yabo.Eli qamu lomoya lisebenza njengesixhobo se-hydrostatic kunye nonikezelo lwe-oksijini yethutyana, ebavumela ukuba bahlale bentywila ngaphantsi kwamanzi kangangemizuzu eyi-10 ukuya kweli-15.
Emva koko, zandisa imilenze yazo yangasemva ukuze zityhutyhe ukuxinana komphezulu wamanzi, zikhupha umoya ovalelekileyo kwaye zifumane iqamza elitsha lokuntywila okulandelayo.
Umjikelo woBomi beDiving Beetles
Umjikelo wobomi bebhungane abaDivingyo unamanqanaba ama-4 ahlukeneyo: iqanda, umbungu, i-pupa, kunye nomntu omdala.
1. Iqonga lamaqanda: Emva kokukhwelana, ooqongqothwane abamaziyo babeka amaqanda abo phezu okanye kufuphi nezityalo zasemanzini, inkunkuma ephantsi kwamanzi, okanye kumhlaba okufutshane nonxweme lwamanzi.
Ngokuxhomekeke kwiintlobo kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo, ixesha lokufukamela lihlala lihlala kwi-7 - 30 iintsuku.
2. Inqanaba leLarval: Akuba amaqanda eqanduselwe, imibungu yebhungane entywilayo iyavela.Imibungu iphila emanzini kwaye iyakhula emanzini.
Iprofayile ye-Diving Beetles- Izilo kwii-Shrimp kunye neeTanki zeentlanzi-Iibhungane zokuDiving LarvaeDiving beetle larvae zidla ngokubizwa ngokuba "zingwe zamanzi" ngenxa yenkangeleko yazo enoburhalarhume kunye nendalo yazo.
Banemizimba emide ecandekileyo.Intloko esicaba inamehlo amathandathu amancinane kwicala ngalinye kunye nemihlathi emibini emikhulu ngendlela engakholelekiyo kwicala ngalinye.Njengoqongqothwane omdala, umbungu uphefumla umoya osesibhakabhakeni ngokwandisa umva womzimba wawo ngaphandle kwamanzi.
Umlingiswa wombungu uhambelana ngokugqibeleleyo nenkangeleko yawo: umnqweno wayo kuphela ebomini kukubamba kunye nokuqwenga amaxhoba amaninzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka.
Imibungu iyazingela kwaye itya izinto ezincinci zasemanzini, ikhula kwaye inyibilike amaxesha amaninzi njengoko ihamba kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo.Isigaba sombungu sinokuhlala iiveki ezininzi ukuya kwiinyanga ezininzi, kuxhomekeke kwiintlobo kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo.
3. Inqanaba lePupa: Xa umbungu ufikelela ekuvuthweni, uthi gqi emhlabeni, uzingcwabe, uze ufumane i-pupation.
Ngeli nqanaba, imibungu iguquka ibe yifomu yabo yabantu abadala ngaphakathi kwendawo ekhuselayo ebizwa ngokuba yi-pupal chamber.
Inqanaba le-pupal lihlala iintsuku ezimbalwa ukuya kwiiveki ezimbalwa.
4. Inqanaba labantu abadala: Nje ukuba i-metamorphosis igqityiwe, ibhungane elidala lokuntywila liphuma kwigumbi lempuphu kwaye linyukele phezu kwamanzi.
Kweli nqanaba, banamaphiko aphuhliswe ngokupheleleyo kwaye bayakwazi ukubhabha.Ooqongqothwane abadala bentywila bakhulile ngokwesondo kwaye balungele ukuzala.
Ooqongqothwane abantywila abajongwa njengezinambuzane zasekuhlaleni.Azibonakalisi iindlela zokuziphatha ezintsonkothileyo ezibonwa kwamanye amaqela ezinambuzane, njengeembovane okanye iinyosi.Endaweni yoko, ooqongqothwane bazizidalwa ezihlala zodwa, ezigxile ekuzikhuseleni nasekuzaleni.
Ubomi bebhungane be-diving bunokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwiintlobo kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo kwaye ngokubanzi zivela kwi-1 - 4 iminyaka.
Ukuveliswa kweDiving Beetles
Iprofayili ye-Diving Beetles- Izilo kwii-Shrimp kunye neeTanki zeentlanzi Ukukhwelana Ukuziphatha kokukhwela kunye nezicwangciso zokuzala zinokwahluka kancinane phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeebhungane zokuntywila, kodwa inkqubo ngokubanzi ibandakanya la manyathelo alandelayo:
1. I-Courship: Kwiibhungane zeDiving, izimilo zokuthandana zidla ngokubakho.
2. Ukudibanisa: Kuninzi loqongqothwane, iinkunzi zinezixhobo ezikhethekileyo zokubamba (iikomityi zokufunxa) kwimilenze yazo yangaphambili ezisetyenziselwa ukuncamathela ngasemva kweemazi ngexesha lokukhwelana.
Inyaniso ebangela umdla: Ngamanye amaxesha iinkunzi zinokulangazelela ukukhwelana neemazi, kangangokuba iimazi zinokude zirhaxwe ngenxa yokuba iinkunzi zihlala phezulu kwaye ziyakwazi ukufikelela kwioksijini ngelixa iimazi zingenayo.
3. Ukuchumisa.Inkunzi idlulisela amadlozi kwibhinqa ngelungu lokuzala elibizwa ngokuba yi-aedeagus.Imazi igcina amadlozi ukuze iqhame kamva.
4. I-Oviposition: Emva kokukhwelana, imazi yebhungane entywilayo idla ngokuwancamathela kuhlaza olungaphantsi kwamanzi okanye abeke amaqanda azo kwizihlunu zezityalo eziphantsi kwamanzi ngokuwasika avuleke ngeovipositor yawo.Unokuqaphela amanqaku amancinci atyheli kwithishu yesityalo.
Ngokomyinge, ooqongqothwane abamaziyo banokuzalela naphi na ukusuka kwishumi elinesibini ukuya kumakhulu ambalwa amaqanda ngexesha lokuzala.Amaqanda amade kwaye makhulu ngobukhulu (ukuya kwi-0.2 intshi okanye i-7 mm).
Zitya ntoni ooqongqothwane?
Iprofayile ye-Diving Beetles- Izilo kwiiShrimp kunye neeTanki zeentlanzi - ukutya amasele, intlanzi kunye nenewtsIinqongqothwane zokuDiving zizizilwanyana ezitya inyama ezitya ngokuyintloko iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini ezifana nezi:
izinambuzane ezincinci,
imibungu yezinambuzane (ezifana nedragonfly nymphs, okanye imibungu yebhungane entywilayo),
iintshulube,
isineyile,
ootapa,
iicrustaceans ezincinci,
intlanzi encinci,
kunye nezilwanyana ezincinci ezihlala emanzini (iindaba, amasele, njl.).
Ziyaziwa ngokubonisa indlela yokuxhwila, ukutya izinto eziphilayo ezibolayo okanye i-carrion.Ngexesha lokunqongophala kokutya, baya kubonakalisa nokuziphatha kwabantu.Ooqongqothwane abakhulu baya kubamba abantu abancinci.
Qaphela: Ewe, ukhetho oluthile lokutya lwe-Diving beetle luyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwiintlobo kunye nobukhulu bazo.Kuzo zonke iintlobo zezilwanyana, banokudla inani elikhulu lexhoba elinxulumene nobukhulu bomzimba wabo.
Aba qongqothwane baziwa ngokuthanda ukutya kunye nokukwazi ukubamba ixhoba phezu kwamanzi nangaphantsi kwamanzi.Bangabazingeli abangenelelayo, basebenzisa umbono wabo obukhali kunye nesakhono esibalaseleyo sokuqubha ukulandelela nokubambisa amaxhoba abo.
Iibhungane zokuntywila ngabazingeli abakhutheleyo.Bahlala bebonisa indlela yokuziphatha esebenzayo ngokufuna kunye nokusukela ixhoba labo kunokulinda ukuba lifike kubo.
Aba qongqothwane banobuchule obuphezulu kwaye baphila ngokukhawuleza kwindalo yasemanzini.
Ukukwazi kwabo ukudada ngokukhawuleza kunye nokutshintsha indlela ngokukhawuleza kubavumela ukuba baleqe kwaye babambe amaxhoba abo ngokuchanekileyo.
Utya ntoni ooqongqothwane?
Imibungu yebhungane yokuntywila zizizilwanyana ezidla inyama.Baziwa ngokuziphatha ndlongondlongo ngokugqithisileyo kananjalo.
Nangona benokutya okubanzi kwaye banokutya iindidi ezininzi zamaxhoba, bakhetha iintshulube, iileeches, tadpoles, kunye nezinye izilwanyana ezingenayo i-exoskeletons eyomeleleyo.
Oku kungenxa yesakhiwo sabo se-anatomical.Iimbungu zebhungane ezintywilayo zihlala zivaliwe imilomo kwaye zisebenzise imijelo kwimibhobho yazo enkulu (enjenge-sickle) ukutofa i-enzymes yokugaya kwixhoba.Ii-enzymes zikhawuleza zikhubaze kwaye zibulale ixhoba.
Ke ngoko, ngexesha lokutyisa, umbungu awutyi ixhoba lawo kodwa ufunxa ijusi.Imihlathi yayo emile okwerhengqa isebenza njengesixhobo sokufunxa, inomsele onzulu ogudle udini lwangaphakathi, osebenza kumjelo wokutya okungamanzi ukuya emathunjini.
Ngokungafaniyo nomzali wabo, imibungu ye-Diving beetle ingabazingeli abangenzi nto kwaye baxhomekeke kwi-stealth.Zinombono obalaseleyo kwaye zinovelwano kwintshukumo emanzini.
Xa umbungu we-Diving beetle ubhaqa ixhoba, uya kubaleka ukuya kulo ukuze ulibambe ngeemandibles zalo ezinkulu.
Ngaba Kukhuselekile Ukuba Nezinambuzane Zokuntywila okanye Imibungu Yazo kwiShrimp okanye kwiiTanki zeentlanzi?
Itanki ye-shrimp.Hayi, akukhuselekanga nokuba nebhungane leDiving okanye imibungu yazo kwiitanki zeshrimp.Ixesha.
Iya kuba yingozi KAKHULU kwaye icinezele i-shrimp.Iibhungane zokuntywila zizilwanyana ezizingelayo kwaye ziya kujonga i-shrimplets kunye ne-shrimp yabantu abadala njengexhoba.
Ezi zilo zamanzi zinemihlathi eyomeleleyo kwaye zinokukrazula i-shrimp phakathi kwemizuzwana ngokulula.Ke ngoko, AKUNIKEZELWA NGENXA YOKUGQIBELA ukugcina ooqongqothwane kunye ne-shrimp kunye kwitanki enye.
Itanki yentlanzi.Ibhungane elintywilayo kunye nemibungu yalo inokuhlasela iintlanzi ezinkulu.Ngokwendalo, zombini ooqongqothwane abadala kunye nemibungu idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekupheliseni inani leentlanzi ngokutya iintlanzi ezahlukeneyo.
Ngoko ke, ukuba nazo kwitanki yeentlanzi nako kunokungaphumeleli.Ngaphandle kokuba unentlanzi enkulu ngokwenene kwaye ungazalisi.
Zingena njani ooqongqothwane kwi-Aquariums?
Iibhungane zokuntywila zinokungena kwi-aquarium ngeendlela ezi-2 eziphambili:
Akukho sisiciko: Iibhungane zokuntywila zinokubhabha kakuhle.Ke, ukuba iifestile zakho azivalwanga kwaye i-aquarium yakho ayigqunywanga, inokubhabha nje kwitanki ukusuka kwindawo eyingqongileyo.
Izityalo zasemanzini: Amaqanda eeqongqothwane antywila angakwazi ukukhwela inqanawa kwi-aquarium yakho kwizityalo zasemanzini.Xa usongeza izityalo ezitsha okanye uhombiso kwitanki yakho, zihlole kakuhle kwaye uzibeke zodwa xa kukho naziphi na iimpawu zezifunxi-gazi.
Ungazilahla njani kwiAquarium?
Ngelishwa, azikho iindlela ezininzi ezisebenzayo.Iibhungane zokuntywila kunye nemibungu yazo zizilwanyana ezintle ezomeleleyo kwaye zinokunyamezela phantse naluphi na unyango.
Ukususwa ngesandla: Qaphela ngononophelo i-aquarium kwaye ususe ngesandla amabhungane antywilayo usebenzisa umnatha weentlanzi.
Imigibe: Ukuntywila ooqongqothwane njengenyama.Beka isitya esingekho nzulu esinomthombo wokukhanya kufuphi nomphezulu wamanzi ngobusuku.Amaqongqothwane atsalwa ekukhanyeni kwaye anokuqokelela kwisitya, okwenza kube lula ukuwasusa.
Predatory fish: Izisa iintlanzi ezitya izinambuzane ngokwendalo.Nangona kunjalo, ezi zilo zasemanzini zikhuselwe kakuhle nalapha.
Kwimeko yobungozi, ooqongqothwane beDiving bakhupha ulwelo olumhlophe (olufana nobisi) phantsi kwepleyiti yesifuba.Olu lwelo luneempawu ezonakalisa kakhulu.Ngenxa yoko, iintlobo ezininzi zeentlanzi azifumani ncasa kwaye ziyakuphepha.
Ngaba ooqongqothwane baDiving okanye imibungu yabo inetyhefu?
Hayi, aziyotyhefu.
Iibhungane zokuntywila azikho ndlongondlongo ebantwini kwaye ziyakuphepha ukudibana ngaphandle kokuba ziziva zisongelwa.Ngoko ke, ukuba uzama ukubabamba, banokuphendula ngokuzikhusela ngokuluma njengesenzo se-reflex.
Ngenxa yeemandibles zabo ezinamandla, ezilungele ukugqobhoza ii-exoskeletons zexhoba labo, ukuluma kwabo kubuhlungu kakhulu.Inokubangela ukudumba kwendawo okanye ukurhawuzelelwa.
Ukuququmbela
Ooqongqothwane baziizinambuzane zasemanzini, ezichitha ixesha elininzi lobomi bazo emanzini.Baziqhelanise kakuhle nendlela yokuphila yasemanzini kwaye baziindadi ezigqwesileyo.
Ooqongqothwane abantywilayo kunye nemibungu yabo zizilwanyana ezizingelayo.Ukuzingela ngowona msebenzi uphambili ebomini babo.
Ithuku lazo lokurhwaphiliza, kunye neempawu zabo ezikhethekileyo ze-anatomical, zibenza bakwazi ukusukela kwaye babambe uluhlu olubanzi lwamaxhoba aquka i-shrimp, i-fry, intlanzi encinci, kunye neenkumba.
Ixesha lokuposa: Sep-06-2023